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Abstract Coverage and energy consumption are critical issues in underwater wireless sensor networks due to the unique challenges posed by the aquatic environment. This study introduces a hybrid fruit fly-bat optimization algorithm (FOA-BOA) for sensor node deployment in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). This technique leverages both fixed and mobile sensor nodes to enhance network connectivity and coverage. By developing a novel fitness function that incorporates coverage quality, connection cost, and network lifetime, the algorithm optimizes sensor node placement using modified bat and fruit fly optimization models. Probability detection and a hybrid FOA-BOA-based multipoint search are utilized to determine the optimal deployment configuration. Simulation results, compared with three existing algorithms, show that the proposed method significantly improves network coverage, reduces energy consumption, and extends network lifetime. These findings underscore the potential of this hybrid optimization technique to enhance UWSN performance in environmental monitoring applications.
Marco et al. (Mon,) studied this question.