Women as a Resource of the Social Contract During the Great Russian Revolution: Historical and Sociological Analysis

Objective of the research – the representation of women as a social resource of the social contract during the Great Russian Revolution and the formation of the Soviet gender contract. The methodological basis of the research. The historical and sociological analysis of the social inclusion of women as a social resource in the process of establishing a new social contract during the Great Russian Revolution was carried out using scientific ideas of the sociology of life, the "society of trauma", the resource approach, gender sociology, involving statistical data, life stories and their interpretation. Results of the study. Women are represented as one of the larger gender communities due to the deformation of the age-sex structure to the degree of sharp gender asymmetry due to the irretrievable loss of the male part of the population due to mass deaths in the war and revolutionary events and as a result of the redistribution of social burden resources. In conditions of cardinal changes, increasing uncertainty, chaos, the action of the main internal motivator of a person is natural – the need to "survive" and the launch of adaptive mechanisms, adaptation to the new social order. The opening of the "window of opportunity" of the new social contract in the early years of Soviet power took place against the background of the leveling of the traditional system of division of labor, the social inclusion of women as a labor resource, the growth of women's employment outside the field of private, equal access of women to education and the high dynamics of female literacy. The important components of the social contract along the trajectory of the categories "state" – "women" as the majority of the "people" and part of the "society" (vertical interaction) are identified: the class character of the workers' and peasants' state with the inclusion of the majority in socio-economic transformations and the choice of an alternative for the minority; the incorporation of the political declaration of gender equality in the decisions of government bodies and social policy, the practical implementation of the Soviet project of emancipation of women's subordination as a social resource to the state, their willingness to become a "working class", compliance with the ideological impact of the value orientation of the formation of a "new man", "new woman", high life meanings in people's aspirations – to work for and for of the future, not to remain on the sidelines of historical changes, to prefer to be part of collective transformations, to put public interests above personal ones. The social contract along the trajectory of the categories "people" – women as part of "society" (horizontal interaction) had the character of revolutionary experiments, the transformation of traditional gender relations towards innovation. The gender paradoxes consisted in the coexistence of contradictions between the acquired political rights and the real limitations of the possibilities of action; the acquired freedom of morals and the deep cultural ties of the patriarchal-traditional society; the authorities are aware of the destruction of traditional institutions of family and marriage and a purposeful social policy to protect motherhood and childhood; the ideological formulation of the question of the formation of a "new man", a "new woman", but not a "new man". Research рerspectives are related to the application of the social dimension of the social contract (OD) for the historical and sociological reconstruction of the role and participation of women in government bodies, in the activities of public associations, the reflection of women's interests in the polyphony of programs of political parties during the Great Russian Revolution, a conservative turn from revolutionary experiments in the context of an aggravation of the demographic situation to the Soviet gender contract of double burden "women-workers, women-mothers" and its reproduction as the main one in the modern national model of gender equality.