Significance of Darcy–forchheimer Casson fluid flow past a non-permeable curved stretching sheet with the impacts of heat and mass transfer

Casson fluid flow based on a curved surface has been mathematically modeled using Brownian motion and the Darcy-Forchheimer equation of porosity. Similarity variables are applied to convert flow-anchored partial differential equations into basic ordinary differential equations. The MATLAB solver "bvp4c" is utilized to derive numerical responses for the problem under consideration. During the numerical approach, all parameters have been set to their values based on reviewed literatures and numerical solutions for all flow fields have been obtained against the concerned parameters. Additionally, a variety of graphs are created utilizing numerical extractions to discuss the results. The curvature parameter (K=1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5) results in an improvement in velocity distribution (f'η=1=0.32564,0.360142,0.378247,0.385401). The reason is that for higher values of the curvature parameter, the radius of a curved sheet decreases. Hence, a smaller region of sheet will be in contact, which produces a small amount of resistance towards fluid particles, so that the velocity profiles show an enhancement. Increasing inputs of Forchheimer number imply stronger inertial effects and it introduce an additional resistance to flow that's why fluid velocity decreased. Additionally, for a curved stretched sheet, a higher drag force is required compared to a flat plate because curved sheet has a larger surface area while flat plate has a minimal surface area in contact with the fluid.