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In recent years, the rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into education has sparked intense academic and public debate regarding their impact on students’ cognitive development. One of the central concerns raised by researchers and practitioners is the potential erosion of critical and independent thinking skills in an era of widespread reliance on neural network-based technologies. On the one hand, AI offers new opportunities for personalized learning, adaptive content delivery, and increased accessibility and efficiency in the educational process. On the other hand, growing concerns suggest that overreliance on AI-driven tools in intellectual tasks may reduce students’ motivation to engage in self-directed analysis, diminish cognitive effort, and lead to weakened critical thinking skills. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of current research on this topic, including empirical data, theoretical frameworks, and practical case studies of AI implementation in academic settings. Particular attention is given to the evaluation of how AI-supported environments influence students’ cognitive development, as well as to the pedagogical strategies that can harmonize technological assistance with the cultivation of autonomous and reflective thinking. This article concludes with recommendations for integrating AI tools into educational practice not as replacements for human cognition, but as instruments that enhance critical engagement, analytical reasoning, and academic autonomy.
Roman Yavich (Wed,) studied this question.