Hepatotoxicity of Phytochemicals: A Systematic Review of the Mechanisms Behind Liver Damage and Protective Interventions

Phytochemicals, bioactive compounds derived from plants, have garnered significant attention for their therapeutic potential in treating a wide array of diseases. However, increasing evidence suggests that certain phytochemicals, particularly in high doses or with prolonged use, can induce hepatotoxicity, leading to liver damage. The liver, as the primary organ responsible for detoxifying the body, is particularly susceptible to damage from both endogenous and exogenous substances, including phytochemicals. This systematic review explores the mechanisms behind phytochemical-induced hepatotoxicity, focusing on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and gene expression alterations. Additionally, it discusses protective interventions, including the use of other phytochemicals, antioxidants, and pharmaceutical agents that may mitigate liver damage. Given the growing use of plant-based medicines and dietary supplements, understanding the hepatotoxic potential of phytochemicals is crucial for their safe use. The review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity associated with phytochemicals, highlighting the risks and offering insights into preventive and therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Hepatotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Liver Damage, Mechanisms of Toxicity, Protective Interventions