What type of study is this?

This is a Retrospective cohort study study.

September 10, 2025

Racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19-associated septic shock

SASong-Peng AngCommunity Medical Center JCJia-Ee ChiaTexas Tech University MLMaria Jose Lorenzo-CappsAdvanced Memory Research Institute of New Jersey

Key Points

Hispanic patients experience higher in-hospital mortality from COVID-19-associated septic shock compared to Non-Hispanic Whites.
The adjusted odds ratio for acute kidney injury requiring dialysis is significantly higher in Hispanic patients at 1.16.
Non-Hispanic Black patients have an increased risk for mechanical ventilation compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, with an odds ratio of 1.15.
The study highlights the need for future research to explore underlying causes of racial disparities in health outcomes.

Abstract

BACKGROUND Septic shock, the most severe form of sepsis, remains a major global health challenge with high mortality. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exacerbated this burden, as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection often leads to sepsis and septic shock. Racial and ethnic differences in critical illness outcomes are well-documented, but their impact on COVID-19 associated septic shock remains unclear. AIM To examine epidemiologic data to explore racial and ethnic differences in outcomes in COVID-19 associated septic shock. METHODS Using the National Inpatient Sample (2020–2021), we conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess racial and ethnic disparities in septic shock outcomes among adults (≥ 18 years) with concurrent COVID-19. Primary and secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, acute kidney injury (AKI), AKI requiring dialysis, and mechanical ventilation. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression accounted for demographics, comorbidities, hospital characteristics, and in-hospital events. RESULTS Among 396795 weighted hospitalizations, Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) (25.3%) and Hispanic (30.4%) populations were younger and had greater comorbidity burdens than Non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients. Compared to NHW, adjusted analyses showed higher in-hospital mortality adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.15–1.27, mechanical ventilation use (aOR = 1.19, 95%CI: 1.12–1.27) and AKI requiring dialysis (aOR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.07-1.25, P < 0.001) among Hispanic patients. NHB patients had similar mortality to NHWs but had higher risk of mechanical ventilation (aOR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.09–1.22) and AKI requiring dialysis (aOR = 1.65, 95%CI: 1.54–1.76). Mean length of stay and cost were longest and highest for Hispanic patients. CONCLUSION Our study showed that there was higher mortality in Hispanic patients, and higher renal and respiratory complication in both NHB and Hispanic groups compared to NHW group. Future research identifying the causes of the observed differences in complications are required to inform targeted strategies that may mitigate modifiable risk factors and optimize early detection of organ failure to optimize outcomes in this population.

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