Tribulosin Alleviates Ovariectomy-induced Osteoporosis by Inhibiting the RANKL Pathway and Inflammatory Responses

Background/Purpose Osteoporosis is a prevalent metabolic bone disorder characterized by a progressive loss of bone density and structural deterioration, significantly affecting the geriatric population, particularly postmenopausal women. Predisposing conditions for osteoporosis include increased lifespan, early menarche, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary habits. Current treatment options for osteoporosis primarily involve antiresorptive and anabolic agents; however, their usage is often limited due to high costs and potential adverse effects. This study investigates the efficacy of Tribulosin, a phytochemical, as a cost-effective alternative to existing antiresorptive drugs in the treatment of osteoporosis. Materials and Methods An ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rat model was established using Sprague Dawley rats, which were treated with Tribulosin for 16 consecutive weeks. The impact of Tribulosin on bone structural integrity was evaluated through measurements of femoral bone weight, length, bone mineral density, and biomechanical properties. Bone remodeling markers were assessed by quantifying serum estradiol levels, bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein, and acid phosphatase using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Additionally, serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were measured to analyze the protective effects of Tribulosin against fracture risk. Results The osteogenic activity of Tribulosin in ovariectomized rats was assessed by quantifying receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin, and the transcription factors Osterix and Runt-related transcription factor 2. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory response induced by Tribulosin was evaluated by measuring tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1, 1-beta, and 6 levels. The results demonstrated that Tribulosin significantly enhanced femoral bone structural integrity and increased femoral strength. Estradiol levels and serum biomarker levels associated with bone health were elevated following Tribulosin treatment, indicating the ability of Tribulosin to reduce fracture incidence. Tribulosin treatment significantly improved osteogenic marker proteins and attenuated the inflammatory response in ovariectomized rats. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be inferred from the results that Tribulosin is a potent curative agent for treating osteoporosis, exhibiting efficacy without side effects. Additional research is necessary to investigate its prolonged impact and the underlying processes influencing bone health.