What type of study is this?

This is a In Vitro Study study (also classified as: Observational).

August 17, 2025

Antioxidant Activity, Toxicity Test and Antimicrobal Test of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Extract Of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Java Chili (Piper retrofactum Vahl.) Leaves

Key Points

Ethanol extract of piper retrofractum leaves shows the strongest antioxidant activity with an IC 50 value of 40.75 ppm, suggesting high potential as a natural antioxidant.
The highest flavonoid content was found in the 70% ethanol extract at 1.27%, which may correlate with its bioactive properties for health benefits.
Cytotoxic tests indicate all extracts are toxic, with an LC50 under 1000 µg/mL, highlighting a need for caution in therapeutic applications.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations against streptococcus mutans and candida albicans were observed most effectively with n-hexane extracts, supporting their antimicrobial potential.

Abstract

P. retrofractum leaves are widely cultivated by the community to be used as traditional medicine, this is because of its secondary metabolite content which has several bioactive components such as steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and has pyhtol and piperine compounds as dominant compounds that have antimicrobial potential. This study aims to determine flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic test of P. retrofractum leaf extract. The extraction method used was Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) with 3 solvents of different polarity, namely n-Hexan, ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol. Determination of flavonoid content using UV-Vis spectrophotometric method, determination of antioxidant activity using DPPH method and cytotoxic activity test using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Antibacterial activity test was conducted by measuring the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (KHM) and Diameter of Inhibitory Area (DDH). KHM test was done by agar dilution method, DDH test by disc paper diffusion method. The results of the extraction of P retrofractum leaves produce the highest yield is ethanol extract which is 9.92%. The result of determining the highest flavanoid content is 70% ethanol extract at 1.2702%. The strongest antioxidant activity is 70% ethanol extract with an IC 50value of 40.7475 ppm with a very strong category. The results of the cytotoxic test showed that the three types of extracts were toxic because they had LC50 less than 1000 µg/mL. The best KHM result for S. mutans is 10% n-hexane extract and 10% ethyl acetate and for Candida albicans is 5% n-hexane extract. The best DDH of S. mutans was 20% n-hexane extract with a value of 17.37 mm approaching Susceptible (Intermedate) and the best DDH of Candida albicans was obtained by 20% n-Hexan extract with an average DDH of 17.12 mm approaching Susceptible (Intermedate).

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