Relationship Between Sleep and Immunology in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that not only affects attention and behavior but is also intricately linked with sleep disturbances and immune system dysregulation. Recent research highlights that individuals with ADHD frequently experience sleep problems, which in turn exacerbate ADHD symptoms and contribute to cognitive and emotional difficulties. Immunological alterations, including elevated proinflammatory cytokines and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction, have been observed among ADHD patients, suggesting a biological interplay between inflammation, sleep, and neurodevelopment. Genetic and environmental factors further modulate these relationships, influencing the onset and progression of the disorder. Thus, there is a need to find a key connecting such topics and the most vulnerable subjects in order to contribute towards a more personalized approach. This review examines the complex relationships between sleep, immunology, and ADHD, and explores the underlying mechanisms that involve circadian rhythm genes, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter imbalances. Our review outlines therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the importance of integrated pharmacological, behavioral, and lifestyle interventions to improve sleep quality, regulate immune responses, and ultimately enhance the overall management of ADHD.