Advancements in Tumor-Targeted Nanoparticles: Design Strategies and Multifunctional Therapeutic Approaches

Cancer treatment faces significant challenges due to drug resistance, non-specific toxicity, and limited penetration of therapeutic agents. Here, we discuss the latest advancements in the design and application of tumor-targeted nanoparticles, focusing on polymer-based, biomimetic, and inorganic nanocarriers, as well as innovative surface modification strategies, to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cancer treatment, including the co-delivery of chemotherapeutic agents with biologicals or photo/sonosensitizers for synergistic therapeutic effects. This review not only highlights the current importance of nanoparticle design and application for tumor targeting but also provides insights into future directions for more effective cancer therapies. By integrating advanced material science with biology, these strategies hold the potential to transform the landscape of cancer treatment, offering hope for improved patient outcomes and personalized therapeutic approaches.