Despite global initiatives to combat Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, such activities continue unabated. As a response, states are encouraged to join the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Port State Measures Agreement (PSMA) as a countermeasure. Despite these efforts, it is suspected that many IUU fishing activities involve non-party or unknown vessels that evade international sanctions. This study aims to propose technical and institutional improvement measures in light of these challenges. First, using available IUU vessel lists, we conducted independent-sample comparisons and paired-sample comparisons to analyze the characteristics of IUU vessels. As key solutions, we propose the formation of a global collaborative body to facilitate an integrated information chain, the implementation of advanced technologies for systematic operations, strategies to encourage PSMA accession by non-parties, market investigations, and enhanced national inspection and organizational capabilities. Furthermore, this study seeks to strengthen global deterrence of IUU fishing activities by proposing a phased international cooperation framework to enhance the feasibility of integrating the PSMA, Global Record (GR), Global Information Exchange System (GIES), and Regional Fisheries Management Organization (RFMO) systems. These strategies are expected to contribute positively to the transparent governance, sustainable management of fishery resources, and safety officers and vessels.
Lim et al. (Sat,) studied this question.