The Development of the Structural Heterogeneity of the Territory of a Large City as Conditions for the Formation of Urban Ecosystems on the Example of Kazan

The article is devoted to the analysis of changes in the structure of the territory of Kazan in the period from the 18th century to the present. The spatial and temporal variability of the main functional zones of the city is considered. The main ways of expanding the territory of the city and its constituent functional zones related to the main historical processes are given. The total area of the city, according to cartographic analysis, increased 77.04 times in the period from 1739 to 2021. The article presents the dynamics of changes in the areas of the functional zones of the city during the period under review. The characteristic of ecosystems for the biodiversity of terrestrial vertebrates of the identified functional zones is given.