Transportation noise: its cardiovascular effects and their reversibility; a narrative review

Transportation noise seems to be inherent in modern urban living. However, many studies indicate that it can unfavorably affect human health, especially by influencing the cardiovascular outcome. The large number of people exposed to noise in the European Union becomes relevant to public health. This requires the creation and implementation of laws that aim to reduce the burden of adverse environmental factors, such as noise, air pollution, and light pollution. Road noise, aircraft, and railway noise have been shown to increase the incidence of hypertension, myocardial infarction, and mortality. This review presents possible mechanisms of adverse effects on the body that lead to increased cardiovascular risk. In Poland, exposure to road traffic noise has decreased in recent years, but the number of people exposed to noise from other sources has increased. Comprehensive multidisciplinary efforts are needed to reduce the impact of noise on Europeans and thereby reduce cardiovascular risk. Authorities, institutions, and healthcare providers play an important role in mitigating noise impact and promoting awareness, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring and preventive screening for especially vulnerable people in areas of high exposure.