Cutting-edge strategies for delivering drugs to the brain based on nanocarriers

This review aims to explore advanced nanotechnology-integrated delivery systems designed to facilitate the transport of therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases.Significance:CNS disorders remain a primary global health concern due to their progressive nature and limited treatment options. Conventional therapies exhibit minimal efficacy, primarily due to the restrictive nature of the BBB, which impedes drug access to brain tissue. Overcoming this barrier is crucial to improving therapeutic outcomes and minimizing systemic side effects. A comprehensive analysis of nanotechnology-based approaches was conducted, focusing on the physicochemical properties of nanocarriers, their interactions with the BBB, and their roles in targeted drug delivery. Strategies involving nanoparticle engineering, ligand-functionalized systems, and gene delivery vectors were critically reviewed. Nanotechnology has shown considerable promise in facilitating drug delivery across the BBB. Nano-engineered platforms are capable of targeting specific cells, modulating signaling pathways, enhancing neuronal survival, and even inducing regeneration. Various successful nanocarriers, including liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, and exosomes, demonstrate enhanced drug penetration and specificity. Nanotechnology holds transformative potential in treating CNS disorders by addressing the limitations posed by the BBB. Continued research into the design and optimization of brain-targeted nano-systems holds the key to safer, more effective therapies. The manuscript also highlights current challenges and considerations in developing such delivery systems for clinical application.