What type of study is this?

This is a Seroepidemiological Study study.

September 10, 2025Open Access

Influenza D Virus Circulation Among Bovines, Swine, Equines, and Wild Boars in Italy: A Sero-Epidemiological Study

Key Points

Bovines are confirmed as the primary reservoir for influenza D virus, with seroprevalence of 87% for D/660 strain.
A total of 1038 serum samples were tested, showing high seroprevalence in wild boars, particularly for D/660 (80%).
Seroepidemiological methods, including hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays, were employed for analysis.
Continuous monitoring is necessary to track the spread of IDV across livestock and wildlife populations.

Abstract

Influenza D virus (IDV), belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family, was first discovered in 2011 in pigs. Surveys in humans and animals have been carried out to decipher IDV ecology. In this seroepidemiological study, we investigated the circulation of IDV lineages across Italy in livestock and wildlife animals. A total of 1038 animal serum samples (from 246 bovines, 249 swine, 98 equines, and 445 wild boars) were tested using hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. The results confirm bovines as the primary reservoir for IDV, with high seroprevalence for both D/660 (87%) and D/OK (80%) strains. Swine and equines demonstrated limited exposure, suggesting they are infrequent spillover hosts. Notably, wild boars showed high seroprevalence, especially for the D/660 lineage (80%), indicating their potential role in a wildlife transmission cycle. Continuous surveillance in both livestock and wildlife is essential to monitor the spread and evolution of IDV.

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