A Contemporary Review of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Evolving Treatment Strategies

Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial inflammatory disorder of the nasal and paranasal sinuses that persists for more than 12 weeks, significantly affecting patient quality of life and imposing a substantial healthcare burden. Methods: A comprehensive literature review of papers recently published last decade articles was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and endotypes of CRS were discussed. This review incorporates peer-reviewed studies and established guidelines while excluding non-English and low-quality publications. Discussion: This review provides an accessible yet comprehensive overview tailored for medical students, outlining the current understanding of CRS pathophysiology, including the roles of mucosal barrier dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, and immune dysregulation. Diagnostic approaches are discussed, with emphasis on clinical evaluation, endoscopic findings, and imaging techniques. Traditional management strategies such as saline irrigation, corticosteroids, and surgical intervention are reviewed alongside emerging biologic therapies and precision medicine approaches. Conclusion: Particular attention is given to the evolving classification of CRS into phenotypes and endotypes, which is reshaping treatment algorithms. By integrating current evidence with core clinical principles, this article aims to bridge foundational knowledge with recent advances, enhancing the educational value for early-career clinicians and students