Practical non-pharmacological interventions to improve quality of life for cancer patients and caregivers

Cancer patients and their caregivers often face a high burden of physical and psychological symptoms, such as pain, fatigue, anxiety, insomnia, and emotional distress, which significantly impact quality of life. While pharmacological treatments remain central to oncology care, they may not fully address these complex needs and can introduce risks such as polypharmacy. Non-pharmacological interventions offer complementary strategies that are generally safe, cost-effective, and adaptable to various clinical and home settings. This review explores practical, evidence-based non-pharmacological interventions that can be integrated into supportive cancer care. These include aromatherapy, massage therapy, mindfulness practices, guided imagery, music and art therapy, and sleep hygiene techniques. Each approach is examined in terms of its mechanisms of action, symptom targets, delivery methods, and implementation considerations. For example, lavender and citrus essential oils have been shown to have anxiolytic and sedative effects through olfactory-limbic pathways. Massage therapy has been associated with reductions in pain, stress, and cortisol levels. Mindfulness-based practices and guided imagery can help regulate emotional distress and may have a positive influence on immune and inflammatory markers. Music and art therapy support emotional expression and coping, while sleep hygiene strategies improve sleep quality and reduce fatigue. These interventions can benefit both patients and caregivers by enhancing resilience, fostering emotional connection, and supporting holistic well-being. Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in guiding the safe and appropriate use of these non-pharmacological interventions. Integrating these approaches into routine care requires individualized planning, clinician training, and institutional support. As evidence grows, non-pharmacological interventions should be recognized as valuable components of comprehensive cancer care.