Progress and Challenges of Antimatter Storage and Control and Future Prospects

With its high energy density and annihilation properties, antimatter, as the mirror image of conventional matter, has wide potential in energy, medical applications, and basic physics research. Its near-100% mas-energy conversion makes it a powerful tool for testing the limits of modern physics and probing the deeper structure of the universe. However, practical use still requires overcoming significant challenges in efficient capture, cooling, and stable storage. This paper reviews recent representative studies on antimatter, beginning with its basic properties and interactions, and explores the current state and future prospects of antimatter capture and storage technologies. Specifically, it examines mainstream capture and control approaches, including Penning traps, magnetic bottle systems, and advanced cooling methods, and analyzes key technical bottlenecks. The results indicate that the main bottlenecks in antimatter control lie in low production efficiency, short storage lifetime, the difficulty of neutral particle confinement, demanding experimental conditions, and limited control over energy release, all of which severely restrict its engineering and large-scale applications. Thus, possible breakthroughs like nanoscale confinement and interdisciplinary control strategies, are also discussed. By clarifying these challenges and directions, this paper provides a structured reference for researchers and highlights potential pathways to advance antimatter technology and its interdisciplinary integration.