This study examines the effect of leverage and independent commissioners on tax avoidance with firm size as a moderating variable in 42 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2020–2024. A quantitative approach was employed using multiple linear regression and moderated regression analysis (MRA). The results show that leverage has a significant positive effect on tax avoidance (β = 11.038, p 0.05). The regression model explains 35.6% of the variation in tax avoidance (Adjusted R² = 0.356, F = 8.570, p < 0.001). These findings contribute to agency theory and provide practical implications for policymakers and corporate managers in strengthening governance and tax compliance in Indonesia.
Anggraeni et al. (Tue,) studied this question.