What type of study is this?

This is a In Vitro Study study.

September 18, 2025

Impact of Different Universal Adhesives on Shear Bond Strength in Composite Repairs to Different CAD/CAM Silicate Ceramics – An In Vitro Study

Key Points

IEC showed the highest shear bond strength with CUB at 27.09 MPa, while IXC with IBU was the lowest at 2.64 MPa.
Significant shear bond strength variations were observed among different CAD/CAM ceramics and universal adhesives, affecting repair strategies.
Analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test, revealing that adhesive type and ceramic microstructure significantly influence bonding performance.
Cohesive failures were predominant in IEC ceramics, while IXC and CTS exhibited more adhesive failures, highlighting the importance of adhesive selection.

Abstract

This study evaluated the influence of various universal adhesives (UA's) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite repairs to different CAD/CAM-fabricated silicate ceramics and compared silane-containing versus non-silane-containing UA's. 270 rectangular specimens from three CAD/CAM ceramics types CTS (Cerec Tessera HT), IEC (IPS Empress CAD LT), and IXC (IPS e.max CAD LT) were bonded with composite resin (Ceram.x Spectra ST Flow) using UA's: PBA (Prime 5000 cycles 5-55°C). Representative SEM images were analyzed for failure modes. Data were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's correction (α < 0.05). Significant SBS differences were observed across ceramics and UA's. IEC showed the highest SBS values, particularly with CUB (27.09 ± 3.75 MPa) and MBP (24.61 ± 6.36 MPa). Lowest values occurred with IXC + IBU (2.64 ± 3.74 MPa), CTS + SBP (2.05 ± 2.57 MPa), IXC + SBU (0.73 ± 0.56 MPa), and CTS + SBU (0.24 ± 0.53 MPa). IEC differed significantly from CTS and IXC (p < 0.001). Cohesive failures predominated in IEC, whereas IXC and CTS exhibited adhesive failures. UA type, ceramic, and microstructure significantly impact SBS in composite repairs. The selection of UA should be adapted to the type of silicate ceramic to be repaired. In this study, the UA CUB yielded the best results across all ceramic types.

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