Vehicles have become an intrinsic part of our lives as one of the most popular ways of private transportation. Even though it provides comfort and safety, private transportation poses road safety risks. Road fatalities are increasing due to traffic, high speed, and driver error. As a result, safety is a top priority in vehicle manufacturing and operation. The advancements in the automobile industry strive to provide increased safety benefits compared to its previous generations. Many modern vehicles include driver assistance systems that aid drivers in various ways. These systems offer helpful information about traffic, congestion levels, blockage, alternative routes to avoid congestion, etc. When a threat is detected, the driver assistance systems may take control of the vehicle from the driver and undertake simple tasks to complex manoeuvres. It also enables road safety, better driving, and reduce fatalities by limiting human error. Such vehicles incorporating the automated driving systems to communicate with the outside world are called Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs). CAV has emerged as a transformative technology in the automobile sector that has a great potential to change our daily life. Although the ever-increasing use of CAV has numerous advantages, the potential drawbacks, such as security and vulnerability to hacking, are not negligible. CAVs use a variety of sensors to build a virtual map of their surroundings to drive in the correct lane within the speed limit, avoid collisions, and detect obstacles in their immediate physical environment.
Prabu et al. (Sat,) studied this question.