Managing the ‘Triple Helix’ Model of Cooperation between Government, Industry, and Academia in Indonesian Defense Technology Innovation

This study examines how the Triple Helix model of government, industry, and academia can be managed to accelerate defense technology innovation in Indonesia. Using a qualitative systematic literature review, the research analyzes policy frameworks, institutional alignment, and cultural dynamics affecting collaboration in the defense sector. The findings reveal persistent challenges, including fragmented governance, financial precarity that widens the “Valley of Death,” and weak intermediary structures to bridge academia-industry-government divides. The study contributes by proposing strategic measures such as establishing intermediary institutions, ensuring stable procurement-driven funding, and fostering mission-oriented research consortia. These recommendations aim to strengthen innovation ecosystems, reduce dependency on foreign technology, and advance Indonesia’s pursuit of defense self-reliance.