Abstract This research paper critically re-examines the evolution, purpose, and outcomes of reservation policies in India through the lens of social justice theory. Rooted in constitutional guarantees and the historical struggle against caste-based discrimination and exclusion, reservation has been one of the most significant affirmative action measures adopted by the Indian state. Yet, despite its transformative intent, reservations continue to generate debate related to fairness, identity, efficiency, and long-term equity. The study is guided by three core objectives first, to explore the philosophical and constitutional foundations of reservation in India by revisiting Constituent Assembly debates, judicial pronouncements, and policy frameworks; second, to analyse the extent to which reservation policies have contributed to reducing structural inequalities across caste, gender, and socio-economic categories; and third, to examine predominant criticisms such as the meritocracy discourse, political appropriation, elite dominance within marginalized groups, and limitations of caste-based targeting, while proposing alternate frameworks and reforms. Methodologically, the study employs a multidisciplinary approach combining doctrinal research, secondary data analysis, and qualitative insights derived from interviews with policy actors, beneficiaries, and civil society stakeholders. Preliminary findings indicate that while reservation has significantly increased institutional access, representation, and public participation for historically excluded communities, its impact on deeper societal hierarchies remains uneven. Persistent implementation barriers, lack of socio-economic filters, and inadequate mechanisms for intra-group equity restrict its transformative potential. The paper concludes by arguing for a recalibrated reservation model grounded in constitutional morality, combining redistribution, recognition, and institutional reform to advance a more inclusive vision of social justice in contemporary India
Nawghare et al. (Sun,) studied this question.