Diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cysts in girls

Background. Cystic lesions of the ovaries and uterine appendages occupy one of the leading places among the pathologies detected in girls of childhood and adolescence. According to estimates by the World Health Organization, the frequency of such diseases in the structure of pediatric gynecological surgical pathology is from 2.6% to 5%. In countries with a high level of development of health care systems, such as the United States of America, Great Britain and Germany, this figure can reach 3–6%. Purpose – to determine the main features of the formation of pathology, diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cysts in different age groups of children based on literature data and personal experience. Materials and Methods. The study analyzed current scientific publications selected from leading medical information platforms, including Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar.for 2008–2025 by keywords: «ovarian cysts», «complicated ovarian cysts», «surgical treatment», «gynecological ultrasound diagnostics». Results. Analysis of literature data and clinical experience shows that the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cysts in children remains heterogeneous. In the European Union countries, the tactics of maximum conservative management prevail, while in Ukraine early surgical intervention is more often used. This necessitates the search for an optimal strategy that would combine world experience with national characteristics. Thus, the work has scientific novelty in the form of systematization of risk factors and clinical manifestations in different age groups of children, which allows developing an algorithm of practical actions for pediatric surgeons and gynecologists. Cystic lesions of the ovaries and uterine appendages in children have a clear age dependence, with the largest proportion of cases occurring in the adolescent age group, which is associated with intense hormonal changes during puberty. The main risk factors for the development of this pathology are endocrine dysfunction, as well as a hereditary predisposition to hormone- dependent neoplasms. The gold standard for diagnosis today remains ultrasound with Doppler assessment of blood flow in combination with determination of hormone levels and tumor markers. In newborns and young children, early puncture interventions under ultrasound control or laparoscopic operations can prevent the development of tubal complications, such as atrophy, sclerosis, or self-amputation of the appendages. Conclusions. The practical significance of the study is that the data systematized in the work can be used to create clinical protocols for the management of girls with ovarian cysts. The authors emphasize the feasibility of combining modern methods of ultrasound diagnostics with laboratory tests, which increases the accuracy of the diagnosis and reduces the number of unjustified operations. Ovarian cysts are most often diagnosed in adolescents, this is due to hormonal changes in the body. The main factors contributing to their development are endocrine disorders, the influence of maternal hormones during intrauterine development and inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs. Detection of these formations is possible thanks to a comprehensive approach, which includes ultrasound diagnostics and laboratory tests.