Energy Geopolitics of the Heartland: Pipelines, Resources, and Russian Influence

Abstract The Heartland theory of Halford Mackinder, which highlights the significance of Eurasia’s heartland to achieving global superiority, has been increasing linked to energy politics since the early 2000s. This article reviews the current energy position of the Heartland including pipeline infrastructure, oil and natural gas resources and Russia’s position as both an energy supplier and a key player in the geopolitics of the region. The study uses scholarly research to identify how the use of the Heartland’s strategic advantages by Russia is used as part of its competition against Western countries, China and other emerging multi-polar systems. Key examples are the Nord Stream pipelines, the main gas routes from Central Asia and the increased focus on supplying the growing demand of the Asian market after the Ukraine conflict. The study also indicates that energy is being used by Russia to further consolidate the Heartland, however there are also many potential vulnerabilities for Russia such as economic sanctions, the growth of renewable energy sources and climate change. In conclusion, the current position of Russia in the Heartland is changing the way that geopolitics is practiced in this area of the world and is using both its ability to supply energy and its strategic abilities to maneuver in the transition period of the new era of energy.