Smart cities utilise advanced technology to enhance the quality of life, economic efficiency, and environmental sustainability of citizens. This transformation is both vital and complex in Africa due to rapid urbanisation and socio-economic challenges. This paper examines the prospects, challenges, and pathways toward smart city development in African cities. The study was conducted through a systematic literature review and case study analyses of initiatives for smart city development in Africa. The findings indicate that infrastructure deficits, financial constraints, weak policy frameworks, limited expertise, and socio-economic inequalities are the key challenges. The high use of mobile technologies, innovation hubs, and increasing policy support have created opportunities. Strategic actions for transforming African cities include strengthening infrastructure through public–private partnerships, developing financial mechanisms, creating coherent policies, promoting inclusivity, and building technical capacity. Technologies such as Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are among the key enablers, supporting the growth of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), improving infrastructure, fostering inclusive governance, managing resources sustainably, and enhancing public services such as healthcare and education. The study also proposes a conceptual framework for smart cities in Africa and outlines a pathway to unlock the continent’s potential for smart cities. It is argued that African cities need to address systemic challenges, leverage unique opportunities, and ensure inclusivity at the urban level. An integrated approach that utilises advanced technologies and prioritises sustainability and resilience is essential for developing smart and inclusive cities.
Das et al. (Thu,) studied this question.