Epigenetic editing to advance CAR T cell therapy

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by enabling the selective targeting and elimination of tumor cells. Although CAR T therapy offers a potential cure for haematological cancers, 40–60% of patients do not reach a durable response. In solid tumors, limited infiltration and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment have so far hindered clinical translation. Central to these challenges are T cell–intrinsic programs, including differentiation into short-lived effector cells and progressive exhaustion. Epigenetic modifications regulate T cell activation, memory formation, and exhaustion, thereby critically shaping CAR T cell persistence and therapeutic efficacy. Early studies have demonstrated that disrupting or inhibiting key epigenetic regulators such as ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) or DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) can bias CAR T cells toward memory-like, non-exhausted states with superior antitumor activity. Building on these findings, gene-targeted epigenetic editing has recently emerged as a next-generation approach, offering precise, durable, and reversible reprogramming of gene expression without introducing DNA breaks. Proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated targeted and durable silencing of key inhibitory receptors such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) as a safe strategy to shape CAR T cell phenotypes. Beyond phenotype modulation, epigenetic editing also offers opportunities for off-the-shelf donor-derived CAR T cells by enabling stable silencing of immune rejection pathways, thereby addressing key barriers to their clinical application. This review highlights the pivotal role of epigenetic regulation in T cell biology and CAR T cell therapy, and explores how epigenetic drugs, genetic interventions, and emerging epigenetic editing strategies can be harnessed to generate more potent, persistent, and widely accessible CAR T cell therapies.