Methodological Evaluation of Off-Grid Communities Systems in Nigeria Using Difference-in-Differences Model for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Off-grid communities in Nigeria face significant challenges in accessing reliable energy sources, necessitating a methodological evaluation of existing systems. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies, with data extracted and analysed using statistical software. The DiD model revealed that off-grid systems significantly reduced energy costs by an average of 25% in the study period, demonstrating a clear trend towards cost-effectiveness. The DiD analysis provided robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of certain off-grid system configurations in Nigeria, contributing to more informed policy decisions. Further research should explore scalability and long-term sustainability of these systems across different regions and socio-economic contexts. The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.