A Conceptual Framework for Ergonomic Interventions in a Bangladeshi Metal Workshop to Reduce Musculoskeletal Disorders

Abstract Background: This study develops a conceptual framework for ergonomic interventions aimed at reducing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among workers in metal workshops in Bangladesh. Workers in this sector frequently adopt awkward postures such as deep squatting, bending, and prolonged sitting, which significantly increase the risk of MSDs. Methods: Ergonomic assessments were conducted using RULA, REBA, OWAS, and spinal compression analysis, supported by digital human modeling techniques in CATIA and Tecnomatix Jack. The design of ergonomic chairs and height-adjustable workbenches was based on anthropometric measurements collected from 200 male participants aged 18 to 41 years, ensuring compatibility with local body dimensions. Results: The findings revealed that standing and sitting postures facilitated by appropriately designed ergonomic furniture reduce biomechanical stress compared to the deep squatting postures commonly used during welding and grinding activities. In welding operations, standing yielded the lowest RULA, REBA, and OWAS scores, whereas sitting resulted in the minimum spinal compression. For grinding tasks, standing provided the most favorable ergonomic risk scores, while sitting effectively reduced spinal loads. These postural improvements demonstrate the value of ergonomics-based workstation redesign in minimizing MSD risk factors. Conclusions: Based on the results, customized ergonomic guidelines were developed, recommending standing as the primary working posture and sitting as a secondary alternative to alleviate fatigue. The proposed framework offers a practical and cost-effective approach for assisting small- and medium-sized enterprises in Bangladesh in reducing MSD risks, improving worker comfort, and enhancing productivity. Although the interventions have not yet been tested in operational workshop environments, further research is recommended to implement and evaluate these ergonomic solutions in real-world settings to determine their long-term effects on employee health and work efficiency.