Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is a vital food crop, but producing it releases significant quantities of methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O), which are both potent gases. Therefore, urgent action is needed to mitigate these emissions and make agriculture more sustainable and climate‐resilient. This review summarises recent advances in reducing emissions and enhancing sustainability. Key innovations include improvements in water management, such as the use of sensors in alternate wetting and drying techniques and improved drainage systems; second‐generation nutrient management strategies, including the use of novel, enhanced‐efficiency fertilisers, precision application techniques and the use of biochar; and novel approaches to crops and soils, such as breeding cultivars with reduced methane production and optimising the use of crop residues. Promising emerging solutions include microbial interventions and digital technologies. The review also discusses the efficacy of mitigation (significant CH 4 reduction and variable N 2 O effects), critical cobenefits (e.g., water conservation, improved nitrogen use efficiency and soil health) and persistent challenges (e.g., scalability, economic viability and policy incentives). The best way to achieve low greenhouse gas emissions and sustainable rice systems is to combine and adjust these practices to specific situations. However, it is still important to overcome the limits to adoption for global use.
Gideon Sadikiel Mmbando (Thu,) studied this question.