This paper derives the foundations of cosmology as a natural consequence in the macroscopic homogeneous limit from a single fundamental axiom. The axiom is based on the universe originating from the critical state U = D, and through the logical necessity of “mutual containment”, the four-aspect structure UU , UD, DD, DU is derived. In a homogeneous and isotropic universe, the fields depend only on time. Starting from the UD dynamical equations, the Friedmann equations and energy conservation equations are derived. Defining the total expansive effect E and total condensative effect C, we obtain the concise form of the Hubble parameter H = k·E/C. Calibrating the constant k = 32.94 km/s/Mpc using today’s observational data, and comparing with the latest DESI survey data, the average error is less than 0.3%. This demonstrates that cosmology is not an independent fundamental theory, but a natural manifestation of the primordial theory in the macroscopic homogeneous limit.
Dan Zhu (Tue,) studied this question.