This article offers a historically grounded analysis of the evolution of feminism in India, tracing its trajectory from nineteenth-century social reform movements to the complex feminist politics of the present. Using historical analysis and thematic synthesis, we map how feminist concerns shifted across distinct periods, from early reform efforts and Brahminical feminism to nationalist mobilizations, post-independence state-led organizations, ecofeminist and autonomous movements and the rise of fundamentalist feminism. The study challenges longstanding misconceptions that portray feminism as Western, homogeneous or detached from local socio-political realities. Instead, it shows how feminist politics in India has been shaped by caste, class, religion, region and colonial as well as postcolonial state structures. We advance three archetypes of Indian womanhood: Traditional Emancipated De-sexualized Women, Autonomous yet Marginal Women and Global Consumerist Detached Women, which illuminate the varied modes of agency and constraint experienced by Indian women across time. Finally, we employ a strengths, opportunities, aspirations and results (SOAR) framework to interpret how these historical trajectories inform contemporary strengths, opportunities, aspirations and outcomes for feminist mobilization. Together, these contributions provide a comprehensive, context-sensitive account of Indian feminism’s past, present and future.
Patel et al. (Sun,) studied this question.