What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles from Raphia hookeri seeds and evaluate their pharmacokinetic properties.

March 21, 2026Open Access

Synthesis, and characterization of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) derived from Raphia hookeri seeds (RHS) and evaluation of their nano-pharmacokinetic properties

Key Points

This research aims to synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles from Raphia hookeri seeds and evaluate their pharmacokinetic properties.
Synthesis of MgO NPs using the solvothermal method from Raphia hookeri seeds extract.
Characterization using UV-VIS, SEM, TEM, PXRD, EDX, and FTIR techniques.
In-silico pharmacokinetic profiling with SwissADME for drug properties and safety assessment.
Spherical and porous MgO NPs with an average size of 59 nm were obtained.
UV-VIS showed an absorption peak at 278 nm, indicating successful synthesis.
Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of bioactive compounds aiding in NP biosynthesis.
MgO NPs demonstrated stable conformations and favorable drug-like properties according to Lipinski’s Rule of Five.

Abstract

The present study involves the development of MgO NPs from RHS and the evaluation of their nano-pharmacokinetic properties. The MgO NPs were synthesized via the solvothermal method using the aqueous extract of RHS. The synthesized MgO NPs were characterized using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), powdered X-ray diffraction techniques (PXRD), an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrophotometer, and a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). The design of MgO NPs was established using ChemDraw before implementing FROG2 for energy minimization and visualizing the results through PyMOL and Avogadro. SwissADME in-silico pharmacokinetic profiling and ADMET analysis were conducted for predicting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity profiles. phytochemical results showed that aqueous extract of RHS contained polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and reducing sugars, which enabled the biosynthesis of MgO NPs. Characterization of biosynthesized MgO NPs revealed that the uv-vis spectrophotometer showed an absorption peak at 278 nm. SEM showed that the MgO NPs are spherical and porous. TEM revealed the average particle size of MgO NPs to be 59 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the crystalline state of MgO NPs, while EDX indicated the elemental constituents in MgO NPs with magnesium, oxygen and carbon as 70.96%, 25.67% and 8.34%, respectively. The FTIR result showed functional groups like the carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (-OH). The MgO NPs achieved a stable conformation according to in-silico analysis, which led to pharmacokinetic evaluation. SwissADME analysis reported that MgO NPs exhibited solubility together with favorable drug-like properties based on Lipinski’s Rule of Five.

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