This study addresses a current research gap in Business concerning Informal Sector and Business in Urban Africa in Morocco. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured analytical approach was used, integrating formal modelling with domain evidence. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Informal Sector and Business in Urban Africa, Morocco, Africa, Business, theoretical This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims.
Haddad et al. (Sun,) studied this question.