Mapping the Limits of Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Methodologies in Population-Based Cancer Research: A Scoping Review

Abstract Sex- and gender-based analysis (SGBA) and sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) variables are essential for understanding cancer risks, care experiences, and outcomes, yet their integration into population-based cancer research remains inconsistent. This review aimed to map methodological limitations in how SGBA and SOGI are defined, collected, organized, analyzed, and reported in secondary analyses of population-based cancer data since 2007. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed, English-language articles that addressed sex, gender, or SOGI variables in population-based cancer research and described methodological approaches or limitations. Four databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar) were searched in May 2025. Two reviewers independently screened records and extracted data using a standardized form, summarizing findings across themes: data collection, database organization, data analysis, and dissemination. From 1,592 records, 15 studies met inclusion criteria. Nearly all described SOGI data collection challenges, while fewer discussed database structure (47%), analytic limitations (20%), or dissemination practices (20%). Common issues included non-standardized variables, binary classifications, incomplete data, and small sample sizes requiring category collapsing. Methodological challenges persist across the research pipeline, underscoring the need for standardized measures, harmonized analytic approaches, and best-practice frameworks to strengthen equity-focused cancer research.