Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Vitamin D Detection: A Comprehensive Review

ABSTRACT After the COVID‐19 pandemic, the importance of Vitamin D for people around the world has become even more significant. Vitamin D deficiency is a global pandemic and is connected to several diseases, including autoimmune diabetes, hypertension, cancer, rickets, depression, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, quantitative assessment of vitamin D is urgently needed in clinical settings. The 25‐hydroxy Vitamin D (25(OH)D) blood test is regarded as the most reliable method for assessing vitamin D status. In clinical testing centers, the Vitamin D test is typically carried out using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), and Enzyme‐linked immunoassay. However, these techniques are often expensive, labour‐intensive, have limited sensitivity, and require a trained professional. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop a precise, specific, rapid, and user‐friendly method for vitamin D detection. In this regard, electrochemical sensing technologies are considered as valuable alternatives for Vitamin D detection owing to their excellent sensitivity, rapid detection capabilities, and potential for miniaturization. This review begins by highlighting the vital role of Vitamin D in human health and stressing the requirement for accurate and reliable detection methods. Owing to the limited literature available on electrochemical detection of Vitamin D, this review article respectfully offers an overview of electrochemical sensors, biosensors, and aptasensors for Vitamin D measurement. Finally, the key challenges encountered by researchers are addressed, and the future perspectives of sensing technologies are also explored.