This work presents a reconstruction of language as a system of semantic operations rather than a system of meanings. The study introduces a procedural method for identifying elementary semantic functions at the level of root structures and reconstructing meaning as an operational process. The analysis focuses on the root VOL in Russian and its structural equivalents in English. The root is reconstructed as a stable semantic mechanism defined as internally formed direction and is validated across controlled lexical groups. Extended structures (VOLN, VOLV, VOLU(M)) demonstrate that semantic operations are compositional and scalable. A cross-linguistic validation confirms that the same semantic mechanism is reproducible across Russian and English, indicating the presence of a structural semantic layer that operates below individual languages. This work should be understood as an operational demonstration of the PRAZNANIE framework introduced in prior research, rather than as a complete system description. The PRAZNANIE framework defines language as a structured system of composable semantic operations and provides a foundation for the development of semantic processing systems, including potential integration with AI models and the construction of a Semantic Engine.
Alexey Kozlenko (Mon,) studied this question.