Improved Information-Coupled Scalar-Tensor Theory (i-ICST v10): Holographic Derivation of the MOND Scale, Symmetron Screening, and Cosmological Predictions

This work presents version 10 of the Improved Information-Coupled Scalar-Tensor (i-ICST) theory, a theoretical framework that aims to unify Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) phenomenology and dark energy within a single scalar-tensor model. The theory is constructed within the Horndeski class and introduces an information-related scalar field that contributes to cosmic dynamics. In this version, several key improvements and corrections are implemented based on confrontation with observational data. The main contributions of this version include: A holographic and entropic-gravity-inspired derivation of the MOND acceleration scale, achieving close agreement with observational estimates. Implementation of a Symmetron screening mechanism, ensuring consistency with General Relativity at cosmological scales while recovering MOND-like behavior in low-density galactic environments. Correction of the interpolation function, restoring the correct deep-MOND scaling relation. Improved consistency with large-scale structure observations, significantly reducing tension in the S8 parameter. Direct comparison with observational datasets including SPARC (galaxy rotation curves), DESI BAO, Pantheon+ supernovae, and cosmic chronometers. Introduction of a falsifiable prediction: redshift evolution of the MOND acceleration scale, testable with next-generation observations. The model achieves competitive performance with standard cosmology in several datasets, while offering a unified explanation for galaxy-scale dynamics without invoking particle dark matter.