Continuous Dynamic Equilibrium Mechanism of Extranuclear Electrons(Final Version)

Inside an atom is an ultra-high vacuum environment with no medium, no resistance, and no energy loss. The long-term stability of extranuclear electrons relies on the real-time, continuous dynamic equilibrium between the Coulomb electrostatic attraction from the atomic nucleus and the electromagnetic repulsion generated by the high-speed motion of electrons. This paper clearly points out that due to mass and inertia, the electron orbit cannot be an ideal circle, nor a planar ellipse as in astrophysics. Electrons continuously change their motion inclination in three-dimensional space, showing a 360° omnidirectional stereo circulation without a fixed plane or fixed angle. The long-term trajectory coverage forms the macroscopic illusion of an “electron cloud”, which is essentially the superposition of deterministic continuous motion rather than probabilistic random distribution. Meanwhile, electron energy level transition is a continuous arc orbital change process without instantaneous jumping or teleportation. This theory restores the real, predictable, and continuous mechanical nature of microscopic particles.