This study investigates financing patterns of secondary education in India over two decades, examining public and private expenditure patterns and their impact on educational outcomes. Descriptive analysis reveals disparities in gender, caste, across regions, infrastructure, and school type. Time-series econometric analysis, using the Augmented Dickey–Fuller test, determines the order of integration, and the Engle–Granger cointegration test indicates a long-run equilibrium between secondary education expenditure and enrolment. VAR-based Granger causality tests show that public expenditure causes GDP growth, while GDP growth drives private spending, with both public and private expenditure driving enrolment. T-tests confirm that Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (2009) and Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (2018) positively influence expenditure, schools, and enrolment. Dummy-variable regression and Chow test confirm structural breaks associated with these policy interventions. Findings support the financing targets of the National Education Policy (2020) and emphasize the role of policy interventions in shaping secondary education outcomes.
Jain et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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