This study examines the effectiveness of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Control (HIRA) practices in a large-scale construction project, where complex activities, heavy machinery usage, and multiple stakeholders significantly increase occupational safety risks. The research focuses on identifying gaps between established safety standards and their actual implementation on site, with the aim of improving overall safety performance and compliance with occupational health and safety frameworks. A mixed-method approach was used, combining site observations, structured interviews, document reviews, and quantitative risk assessment techniques across key construction activities such as excavation, earthwork, material handling, asphalt laying, and traffic management. The collected data were evaluated against international safety standards to assess deficiencies in hazard identification, risk evaluation, and control implementation. The gap analysis revealed several critical weaknesses, including incomplete hazard identification in high-risk operations, inadequate documentation of risk assessments, limited worker involvement in safety processes, and inconsistent application of the hierarchy of controls. The study also identified shortcomings in training effectiveness, safety communication, audit frequency, and monitoring systems. These deficiencies collectively increase the likelihood of accidents, injuries, and operational disruptions. To address these issues, the study recommends implementing a standardized HIRA framework, strengthening training programs, integrating safety planning into project design and scheduling, and enhancing continuous monitoring and auditing mechanisms. The adoption of digital tools for real-time risk assessment and improved reporting systems is also suggested to support proactive hazard management. Overall, the study highlights that systematic gap analysis is a valuable method for evaluating and improving safety management systems in construction. By aligning current practices with established standards, organizations can significantly enhance workplace safety, reduce risks, and promote a stronger safety culture within construction projects.
Gheyasuddin et al. (Thu,) studied this question.