Twelve Earth gravity assist flybys spanning nine spacecraft are analyzed within the Temporal Equivalence Principle (TEP) framework. TEP posits that global simultaneity is inherently non-integrable, with the rate of time represented as a dynamical scalar field φ. All non-gravitational matter couples universally to a causal matter metric through conformal coupling A (φ) = exp (β φ/MPl), producing a scalar force F = βₑff c² ∇φ/MPl on test masses, where βₑff = β × S_⊕ (r) incorporates geometric screening via Temporal Topology. The screening factor S_⊕ (r) encodes continuous suppression of Temporal Shear in density gradients, with a characteristic transition radius Rₛol ≈ 4146 km derived from the UCD saturation model and independently validated by GNSS atomic clock correlations (λTEP ≈ 4000 km). The scalar force manifests as a "Phantom Mass" artifact — velocity anomalies that mimic unmodeled gravitational mass distributions. The non-radial component, modulated by Earth's oblateness (J2, J3, J4), trajectory asymmetry, velocity-dependent disformal coupling, and perigee plasma environment, produces the observed flyby anomaly. Four published anomalies are retained in the catalog (NEAR, Galileo 1990, Rosetta 2005, Cassini), alongside five published nulls/bounds and three flybys without public anomaly reports. Information-criterion comparisons on the full catalog of nine flybys with published observations (n = 9) favour the TEP restricted model under the adopted full-catalog likelihood over both the Null (ΔBIC ≈ 714) and the Anderson empirical baseline (ΔBIC ≈ 79), using a single fitted parameter β with λTEP, S_⊕, and vₜrans pre-specified from independent data and first-principles derivations. The magnitude of this separation depends on the treatment of systematic uncertainty (a geometry-spread σgeom ≈ 1. 20 mm/s is adopted because the tiny published per-flyby uncertainties would otherwise produce astronomically large, scientifically meaningless values) and should be interpreted as model-selection support rather than calibrated evidence. The gated n = 3 subset yields weaker TEP-restricted vs Anderson separation (ΔBIC ≈ 19), confirming that the null flybys are essential for discriminating the physics-based model from the empirical baseline. The random-effects summary βRE ≈ 2. 56 × 10⁻³ ± 7. 85 × 10⁻⁴ (SE; between-flyby τ ≈ 1. 49 × 10⁻³) quantifies the honest cross-flyby amplitude scale, while the per-flyby fits span 1. 01 × 10⁻³ to 5. 33 × 10⁻³ consistent with geometry-dependent modulation. All fitted amplitudes satisfy PPN constraints via Temporal Topology screening (|γ − 1| ≈ 2βₑff² < 2. 3 × 10⁻⁵). Cassini's small predicted anomaly in the mixed disformal regime, where conformal-gradient and disformal terms partially cancel at the reference coupling, is consistent with the velocity-dependent regime structure predicted by the TEP field equations (vₜrans ≈ 16. 8 km/s), though the literature geometry sign remains an open diagnostic stress test rather than a resolved confirmation. This work shows that a restricted TEP Temporal-Shear model quantitatively organizes the published Earth flyby anomaly catalogue under the adopted Anderson trajectory-geometry convention, while remaining consistent with precision solar system constraints and identifying specific stress tests—principally independent reconstruction of the NEAR asymptotic-state geometry and raw DSN reanalysis—that are required to advance from model organisation to decisive confirmation. Website: https: //mlsmawfield. com/tep/efa/Code Availability: https: //github. com/matthewsmawfield/TEP-EFA DOI: 10. 5281/zenodo. 19454863 Keywords: Earth flyby anomaly, Temporal Equivalence Principle, scalar force, Phantom Mass, trajectory asymmetry, geometric screening, Temporal Topology, Temporal Shear Open Science Statement: This work is a preprint and is open to community review, ideas, and collaboration. All materials required for full reproducibility — including data downloads, analysis scripts, code, and manuscripts — are open-source. Feedback and contributions to further test these results are welcome.
Matthew Lukin Smawfield (Sun,) studied this question.