What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of constructed wetlands in treating greywater for safe reuse.

May 25, 2026Open Access

Constructed Wetlands for Greywater Treatment

Key Points

The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of constructed wetlands in treating greywater for safe reuse.
Utilized multi-stage hybrid constructed wetlands (CWs) for treatment
Focused on bathroom-only greywater to optimize filter area
Assessed total nitrogen (TN) removal through alternating redox zones
Achieved >70% total TN removal with multi-stage CWs
Reduced filter area requirement to < 0.5 m² per person
Demonstrated post-disinfection necessary to meet strict reuse standards

Abstract

• Stream-specific pretreatment is required to reduce TSS and prevent clogging • Multi-stage hybrid CWs outperform single-stage vertical and horizontal flow designs • Treating bathroom-only greywater reduces the filter area to 70% total TN removal through alternating redox zones • Meeting stringent unrestricted reuse standards requires post-disinfection

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Discussion

Authors

Carlo Morandi

Heidrun Steinmetz

Journals

Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health

Actions

Institutions

University of Kaiserslautern

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Constructed Wetlands for Greywater Treatment

Key Points

Abstract

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Discussion

Authors

Journals

Actions

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References and Citations

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