Structural and Semantic Study of Linguistic Means Forming Metaphors in World Linguistics

This article examines the structural and semantic features of linguistic means that contribute to the formation of metaphors in world linguistics. The relevance of the research is determined by the growing interest in cognitive, semantic, and communicative approaches to metaphor analysis in modern linguistics. The study aims to identify the main linguistic mechanisms involved in metaphor formation and to analyze their structural-semantic characteristics in different linguistic contexts. The research methodology is based on descriptive, comparative, contextual, and semantic analysis methods, which enabled the classification and interpretation of metaphorical units from various linguistic sources. The findings reveal that metaphors are formed through lexical-semantic transformation, associative transfer, contextual reinterpretation, and conceptual mapping processes. In addition, the study demonstrates that structural models of metaphor formation differ according to language systems, cultural factors, and communicative purposes. The results also indicate that metaphor serves not only as a stylistic device but also as an important cognitive mechanism for conceptualizing reality and expressing abstract meanings. The scientific significance of the research lies in the expansion of theoretical approaches to metaphor studies and the clarification of the relationship between linguistic structure and semantic transformation. The practical value of the article is associated with its potential application in linguistic analysis, discourse studies, translation theory, and language teaching methodologies.