The microbiota refers to the assemblage of microorganisms present in a particular environment, which can maintain homeostasis and modulate immune function in the human body. Microbiota dysbiosis disrupts bodily functions, leading to a series of human diseases, including cancer. Recent studies have suggested that tumor microbiota play important roles in the tumorigenesis of bladder cancer (BLCA), including malignant proliferation, invasion and metastasis, chemo-radiotherapy resistance, and immune response. In this review, we systemically classify the microbiota of the digestive and urinary systems associated with BLCA, as well as the intratumoral microbiota within BLCA tissue. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the characteristics of these microbial populations and explores their potential roles in the development, detection, diagnosis, and treatment of BLCA, with a focus on immunotherapy, while also discussing existing problems and possible development directions. Given the complexity and breadth of this field, clinicians should carefully consider the influence of the microbiota throughout the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process for BLCA.
Luo et al. (Mon,) studied this question.