Post-Conflict Reconciliation in Clan-Based Political and Economic Resource Conflicts in Somalia: A Systematic Literature Review.

This systematic literature review examines post-conflict reconciliation in Somalia, where clan identity, political fragmentation, and competition over political and economic resources persist as sources of instability. The study is guided by Conflict Transformation Theory, Political Settlements Theory, and Galtung’s peace concepts, the review addresses three core objectives: (1) to identify and synthesize scholarly literature on reconciliation mechanisms within clan-based political and economic resource conflicts; (2) to assess the effectiveness and limitations of traditional, hybrid, and formal reconciliation mechanisms; and (3) to explore socio-political and institutional factors that facilitate or hinder sustainable peace among Somali clans. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across Google Scholar, JSTOR, AJOL, and reputable grey-literature repositories. Following PRISMA guidelines, 103 records were screened, with 45 meeting the inclusion criteria; duplicate, non–peer-reviewed, and non–Somalia-specific studies were excluded to ensure analytical precision. The findings indicate that Xeer remains culturally legitimate and effective at local levels but is constrained by gender exclusion, inconsistency, and elite capture. Hybrid systems that integrate customary, Islamic, and statutory law are increasingly relevant but face jurisdictional and capacity challenges. Formal state-led efforts have resulted in key political agreements but continue to struggle with weak institutions and external influence. The review concludes that sustainable reconciliation necessitates inclusive governance, accountable resource management, and strengthened local institutions.