At the end of the Middle Ages, the transmission of ancient Greek knowledge to Western Europe occurred amid political vulnerability, forcing scholars to reconsider the conditions for texts’ survival. The circulation of Byzantine manuscripts (codices) was neither accidental nor a mere migration of ideas; it reflected deliberate choices, hierarchies, and protective mechanisms responding to the growing threat to Constantinople, culminating in its fall in 1453. This article examines how the transfer of Greek manuscripts between Constantinople and Italy was organized as a structured knowledge circulation process, relying on coordination of actors, resources, and activities amid uncertainty. Networks of Byzantine scholars, Italian humanists, patrons, and host institutions ensured selection, copying, transport, and preservation of codices. Attention to manuscript materiality, the routes they followed, and intermediaries reveals a highly organized system inseparable from intellectual evaluation. The study draws on the actor-resource-activity (ARA) model from the Nordic industrial marketing school to analyze interactions among actors, resources, and activities required to secure and transfer manuscripts. Through this lens, the Renaissance emerges as the product of collective efforts ensuring scholarly continuity, grounded in coordination, redundancy, and anticipation. Such perspective frames codices circulation as a logistical system, highlighting the intertwined roles of intellectual judgment and strategic organization, and invites reconsidering humanism as a history of decisions, mediation, and shared responsibility in preserving knowledge.
Gilles A. Paché (Thu,) studied this question.