Abstract For each integer n > 1, define the internal subdivision system as the collection of normalized ratios k/n for all integers k satisfying 1 ≤ k < n. A ratio is geometrically reducible if it coincides with a ratio that already appears within a lower-order subdivision system. The central theorem establishes that an integer n is prime if and only if every ratio within its internal subdivision system is geometrically irreducible. Equivalently, a prime number is characterized by the introduction of entirely new normalized ratio structures that do not emerge from any lower-order subdivision geometry. Prime numbers are therefore identified through recursive normalized subdivision irreducibility. The framework further interprets folding as a form of relational compression. A subdivision system is relationally compressible when its internal geometry can be represented through lower-order grouping relationships. Prime subdivision systems are distinguished by the absence of such complete compression: their internal positional structure cannot be fully reconstructed from any single lower-order grouping relation. In this context, the ratio 3/2 represents the first primitive comparison between the simplest odd and even subdivision structures, revealing the distinction between geometries that emerge through grouping relationships and those that remain fundamentally irreducible. This work presents a geometric characterization of prime numbers based on recursive subdivision structure and normalized ratio irreducibility, providing a purely geometric framework for understanding the emergence and organization of prime number behavior.
Marez et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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