The increasing environmental concern surrounding the use of fossil fuels has merely made the trend towards the use of sustainable energy sources more pronounced, and electric vehicles (EVs) take the lead in the new direction. The battery system is the most crucial component of EV performance, and the ability to control the thermal conditions, the safety, and durability of the battery depends significantly on the proper thermal management procedures. The review explains the various materials of the EV battery such as the old method of lead-acid battery and the new technology of solid-state and the relevance of Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) that aims at maintaining the equipment to work in optimal conditions. They are particularly keen on the new solutions such as the application of nanofluids that have the potential to make massive breakthroughs on the functionality of heat transfer. Additionally, the paper discusses the preparation, characteristics, issues, and uses of nanofluids and especially their increased significance in the improvement of EV battery systems. With its survey of the recent development and defining the current challenges, this review highlights the key innovation that is driving the future of sustainable transportation.
Anandkumar et al. (Wed,) studied this question.