Abstract The Himalayan region, one of the world’s most significant biodiversity hotspots, hosts an exceptional variety of ecosystems ranging from tropical forests to alpine meadows. Its rich biological diversity arises from extreme altitudinal gradients, varied climatic conditions, and high endemism across flora and fauna. However, this biodiversity is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures such as deforestation, habitat fragmentation, overgrazing, unsustainable resource extraction, and rapid land-use change. Climate change further intensifies these challenges by altering temperature and precipitation patterns, driving species migration, and increasing the risk of glacial melt and ecosystem instability. Additional threats include invasive species, pollution, and infrastructure development that disrupt ecological balance. Conservation efforts in the Himalayas involve a combination protected area networks, community-based resource management, ecological restoration, and policy frameworks emphasizing sustainable development. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern conservation strategies, promoting biodiversity monitoring, and enhancing climate resilience are vital for safeguarding the region’s ecological integrity. Effective conservation of Himalayan biodiversity is essential not only for preserving unique species and ecosystems but also for sustaining the livelihoods and cultural heritage of millions who depend on these fragile environments.
Srineetha et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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